It is very interesting, I didn’t know that mitochondria and chloroplast would do this before. Please check the following links yourself if you want to know more.
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Suppression of plastid-to-nucleus gene transfer by DNA double-strand break repair (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-025-02005-w)
"Abstract: Plant nuclear genomes contain thousands of genes of mitochondrial and plastid origin as the result of endosymbiotic gene transfer (EGT). EGT is a still-ongoing process, but the molecular mechanisms determining its frequency remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that nuclear double-strand break (DSB) repair is a strong suppressor of EGT. Through large-scale genetic screens in tobacco plants, we found that EGT from plastids to the nucleus occurs more frequently in somatic cells when individual DSB repair pathways are inactive. This effect is explained by the expected increase in the number and residence time of DSBs available as integration sites for organellar DNA. We also show that impaired DSB repair causes EGT to increase 5- to 20-fold in the male gametophyte. Together, our data (1) uncover DSB levels as a key determinant of EGT frequency, (2) reveal the strong mutagenic potential of organellar DNA and (3) suggest that changes in DNA repair capacity can impact EGT across evolutionary timescales."
葉綠體基因搬家時：核基因體如何決定「接不接受」這份大禮？(https://vocus.cc/article/68298bf0fd89780001fa74fc)
"在植物演化史上，有個默默進行了幾十億年的大搬家工程──葉綠體和粒線體裡的基因，陸續轉移到細胞核裡，這個過程叫做內共生基因轉移（Endosymbiotic Gene Transfer, EGT）。雖然我們已經知道這件事發生了很久、很久、很久，也看到許多核基因帶有葉綠體或粒線體的痕跡，但一個問題始終沒有明確答案：這些基因是怎麼進去的？又為什麼有時候轉移得多，有時候轉移得少？"
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